Mining, Waste and Environmental Thought on the Central African Copperbelt, 1950-2000

Abstract

Since the early twentieth century, the copper-mining industry on the Zambian and Congolese Copperbelt has moved millions of tonnes of earth and dramatically reshaped the landscape. Nonetheless, mining companies, governments and even residents largely overlooked the adverse environmental aspects of mining until the early 1990s. By scrutinising environmental knowledge production on the Central African Copperbelt from the 1950s until the late 1990s, particularly regarding notions of 'waste', this article problematises the silencing of the environmental impacts of mining. To make the environmental history of the Copperbelt visible, this article examines forestry policies, medical services and environmental protests. Moreover, by historically tracing the emergence of environmental consciousness, it contextualises the sudden 'discovery' of pollution in the 1990s as a local and (inter)national phenomenon. Drawing on rare archival and oral history sources, it provides one of the first cross-border environmental histories of the Central African Copperbelt.

What is the Central African Copperbelt, and why is it significant?

The Central African Copperbelt is a region spanning Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, known for its vast copper-mining industry. It is significant for its economic contributions but also for the environmental and social impacts of mining, which have historically been overlooked.

How has mining reshaped the landscape of the Copperbelt?

Mining has moved millions of tonnes of earth, dramatically altering the landscape. This includes the creation of large open pits, waste dumps, and tailings ponds, which have had long-term environmental consequences.

Why were the environmental impacts of mining overlooked until the 1990s?

The environmental impacts of mining were largely ignored due to the focus on economic gains, lack of environmental awareness, and limited regulatory frameworks. It was not until the 1990s that pollution and environmental degradation began to receive significant attention.

What role did notions of 'waste' play in environmental knowledge production?

The concept of 'waste' was central to understanding the environmental impacts of mining. It highlighted the byproducts of mining activities, such as tailings and slag, and their effects on the environment and human health.

How did forestry policies, medical services, and environmental protests contribute to environmental awareness?

Forestry policies and medical services provided early insights into the environmental and health impacts of mining. Environmental protests in the 1990s further raised awareness and pressured governments and companies to address pollution and degradation.

What led to the sudden 'discovery' of pollution in the 1990s?

The 'discovery' of pollution in the 1990s was driven by a combination of local activism, increased scientific research, and international attention to environmental issues. This period marked a shift in environmental consciousness on the Copperbelt.

What sources does the article use to trace the environmental history of the Copperbelt?

The article draws on rare archival materials and oral history sources to provide a comprehensive cross-border environmental history of the Copperbelt. These sources offer insights into the production of environmental knowledge and the lived experiences of residents.

How does the article contextualize the emergence of environmental consciousness?

The article traces the historical development of environmental thought, showing how awareness of mining's impacts evolved over time. It highlights the interplay between local, national, and international factors in shaping environmental consciousness.

What are the broader implications of the Copperbelt's environmental history?

The environmental history of the Copperbelt underscores the need for sustainable mining practices and stronger regulatory frameworks. It also highlights the importance of addressing historical injustices and involving local communities in environmental decision-making.

How does the article contribute to the field of environmental history?

The article provides one of the first cross-border environmental histories of the Central African Copperbelt, offering new perspectives on the relationship between mining, waste, and environmental thought. It enriches our understanding of the region's complex environmental legacy.